外文翻譯---帶有只讀存儲器的單片機集成電路

1、<p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　帶有只讀存儲器的單片機集成電路</p><p>　　單片機集成電路包含一個處理器內核，它至少通過一種數據處理或存儲設備來交換數據，集成電路包含一個只讀掩模存儲器，其中像測試程序一樣的通用程序能被單片機執行。這種通用程序具有將數據寫到數據處理和，或存儲設備的基本功能，寫入功能用于裝載程序，因為裝載程序并非

2、永久地存儲在只讀存儲器重，所以可對單片機進行測試，而與應用程序無關，并保持系統中能用的存儲器元件為標準類型。</p><p>　　在微處理器系統中，處理是由微處理器本身完成的。存儲是利用存儲器電路，而進入和出自系統的信息傳輸則是利用特定的輸入/輸出（I/O）電路。要在一個微處理器化時鐘中找出執行計數功能的一個特殊硬件是不可能的，因為時間存儲在存儲器中，而在固定的時間間隔下由微處理器控制增值。但是，規定系統運轉過程

3、的軟件包含實現計數器功能的單元。由于系統幾乎完全由軟件所定義，所以對微處理器結構和其輔助電路這種看起來非常抽象的處理方法使其在應用時非常靈活。這種設計過程主要是軟件工程，而且在生產軟件時，就會遇到產生于常規工程中相似的構造和維護問題。</p><p>　　微計算機常使用RAM（隨機存取存儲器），在RAM中數據可被寫入，并且在需要時可被再次讀出。這種數據能以任一所希望的次序從存儲器中讀出，不必按寫入時的相同次序，所

4、以有“隨機”存取存儲器。另一類型ROM（只讀存儲器）用來保持不受微處理器影響的固定的信息標本；這些標本在電源切斷后不會丟失，并通常用來保存規定微處理器化系統運轉過程的程序。ROM可像RAM一樣被讀取，但與RAM不一樣的是不能用來存儲可變的信息。有些ROM在制造時將其數據標本放入，而另外的則可通過特殊的設備由用戶編程，所以稱為可編程ROM。被廣泛使用的可編程ROM可利用特殊紫外線燈察除，并被成為E</p><p>

5、;　　PROM，即可察除可編程只讀存儲器的縮寫。另有新類型的期器件不必用紫外線燈而用電察除，所以稱為電可察除可編程只讀存儲器EEPROM。</p><p>　　微處理器在程序控制下處理數據，并控制流向和來自存儲器和輸入/輸出裝置的信息流。有些輸入/輸出裝置是通用型的，而另外一些則是設計來控制如磁盤驅動器的特殊硬件，或控制傳給其他計算機的信息傳輸。大多數類型的I/O裝置在某種程度下可編程，允許不同形式的操作，而有些

6、則包含特殊用途微處理器的I/O裝置不用主微處理器的直接干預，就可實施非常復雜的操作。</p><p>　　微計算機的另一主要工程應用是在過程控制中。這是，由于裝置是按特定的應用情況由微機編程實現的，對用戶來說微計算機的存在通常就更加明顯。在過程控制應用中，由于這種設備以較少的數量生產，將整個系統安裝在單個芯片上所獲取的利益常比不上所涉及的高設計成本。而且，過程控制器通常更為復雜，所以要將他們做成單獨的集成電路就更

7、為困難?？刹捎脙煞N處理，將控制器做成一種通用的微計算機，正像較強版本的業余計算機那樣；或者做成“包裹”式系統，按照像電磁繼電器那樣的較老式的技術進行設計，來取代控制器。對前一種情況，系統可以用常規的編程語言來編程，正如以后要介紹的語言那樣；而另一種情況，可采用特殊用途的語言，例如那種使控制器功能按照繼電器相互連接的方法進行描述。兩種情況下，序均能存于RAM，這讓程序能按應用情況變化時進行相應的變化，但是這使得總系統易受掉電影響而工作不正

8、常，除非使用電池保證供電連續性。另一種選擇是將程序在ROM中，這樣他們就變成電子“硬件”的一部分并常被稱為“固件”。 </p><p>　　準確地說，這項發明涉及單片機集成電路，單片機通常是包含一臺“計算機”的全部或大部分元件的大規模集成電路，其功能不是預先確定的，而是取決于它執行程序。</p><p>　　一臺單片機必然包含一個 含有命令時序發生器（即根據程序的指令分配各種控制信號到其

9、他元件的裝置）的處理器內核，一個算數邏輯單元（用來處理數據）和寄存器（即特殊的存儲單元）。</p><p>　　然而，“計算機”的其他單元對單片機而言或是內部的，或是外部的。換言之，其他元件就集成到單片機或輔助電路中。</p><p>　　“計算機 ”的這些其他元件是數據處理或存儲裝置，例如包含待執行的只讀或隨機存儲器，時鐘和接口（串行或并行）。</p><p>　

10、　基于單片機的系統通常包含一個含有單片機的芯片和許多含有外部數據處理和，或存儲器的芯片，這些芯片沒有集成在單片機中，例如，這種基于單片機的系統包含一個或多個印刷電路板，上面安裝著單片機和其他元件。</p><p>　　決定單片機所有操作的是應程序，即由單片機執行的程序，因此，每個應用程序都是針對待定的應用的。</p><p>　　在多數現實應用中，由于應用程序太大，單片機無法存儲，因此就存

11、儲在單片機的外部存儲器中，這種只讀處而不能寫入的程序存儲器通常就是可編程只讀存儲器。</p><p>　　應用程序在寫入到存儲器中后就開始執行，以便由單片機來執行，單片機系統有可能不會像預期的那樣工作。</p><p>　　在最不順的情況下，這只是系統的下故障，單片機仍然能夠通過串行或并行口與測試設備對話，測試設備就能夠確定問題的性質，并準確的指出校正的類型（軟件和硬件），將其應用到系統上

12、，以便正確操作。</p><p>　　遺憾的是，基于單片機系統的多次故障導致整個系統死鎖，阻止了任何與測試設備的對話，這樣就不能確定錯誤類型時硬件錯誤（單片機本身，外部只讀存儲器，外圍設備，總線等）還是軟件錯誤（應用程序的錯誤），在系統死鎖的情況下，采用的故障分析方法通常是以使用精密儀器設備為基礎，因此要求將探測儀連接到處于測試中的單片機系統的各種集成電路的管腳上。</p><p>　　采

13、用測試設備對于單片機的系統進行故障診斷，其相關問題還有很多。由于電路體積小，布線密集，而測試設備中使用的探針容易損壞，用起來很麻煩，就可能與電路接觸不好。</p><p>　　此外由于成本高，這些測試設備不是批量生產。結果，出故障的單片機系統就不能直接及時修復，不管它們此時安裝在何處，首先必須送到有測試設備的地方。單片機系統的這種故障診斷即費時又麻煩，成本也高。</p><p>　　在改變

14、系統中單片機執行的應用程序時，為了避免直接在單片機系統上進行操作，常規的做法是用可下載的只讀存儲器來存儲應用程序，即寫入到單片機掩模ROM中的裝載程序，單片機的掩模ROM集成到單片機中，并在生產單片機時一次性編程寫入。</p><p>　　為了改變應用程序，單片機通過運用裝載程序而重置，這個裝載程序能通過合適的傳輸線與連接到單片機的工作站通信，而工作站提供寫入到單片機的新的應用程序，裝載程序接受新的應用程序并存儲

15、到單片機的外部ROM中。</p><p>　　盡管這種方法避免了對單片機系統的直接操作（這需要從系統中取出包含應用程序的可編程只讀存儲器，并用合適的編程設備將新的應用程序寫進存儲器，然后換到系統中），但是它仍然有一個較大的缺點，即在生產中對單片機的特殊處理。</p><p>　　由于編程參數（編程電壓，外加電壓的持續時間等）隨著采用的技術而變化，每一種可編程存儲器以對應的轉載程序密切相關，

16、裝載程序一次性寫進單片機內部的掩模存儲器中，存儲器因而就限制為裝載程序要寫入的存儲器類型。換而言之，單片機不是標準器件，這就增加了生產成本。</p><p>　　這一發明就是為了克服先前技術的各種缺點。準確的說改發明的目的就是要提供一種單片機產品，以便快速、簡單、可靠、低成本地驗證單片機的操作。</p><p>　　這項發明的另一個目的是提供一種單片機芯片，在系統出現故障時，可以借助于單片

17、機準確地定位系統中失效的器件。</p><p>　　這項發明的更高目的是提供一種單片機芯片，在系統中能使用的存儲器為標準類型時，不用直接對單片機系統進行操作就可改變應用程序。</p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　Microcontroller Integrated Circuit with Read Only M

18、emory</p><p>　　Microcontroller integrated circuit comprises a processor core which exchanges data with at least one data processing and storage device. The integrated circuit comprises a mash-programmed read

19、 only memory containing a generic program such as a test program which can be executed by the microcontroller. The genetic program includes a basic function for writing data into the data progressing or storage device or

20、 devices .The write function is used to load a downloading program. Because a downloadin</p><p>　　In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage w

21、ill be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware

22、 which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. H</p><p>　　Microcomputers use RAM (Ra

23、ndom Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was

24、 written, hence the expression ‘random’ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when

25、 power is removed and are normally</p><p>　　The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/out

26、put devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable

27、to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to</p><p>　　Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. H

28、ere the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits

29、 lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers</p><p>

30、;　　To be more precise ,the invention concerns a microcontroller integrated circuit .A microcontroller is usually a VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) integrated circuit containing all or most of the components of a “comp

31、uter”. Its function is not predefined but depends on the program that it executes.</p><p>　　A microcontroller necessarily comprises a processor core including a command sequence (which is a device distributi

32、ng various control signals to the instructions of a program),an arithmetic and logic unit (for processing the data) and registers(which are specialized memory units).</p><p>　　The other components of the “co

33、mputer” can be either internal or external to the microcontroller, however, In other words ,the other component are integrated into either the microcontroller or auxiliary circuits.</p><p>　　These other comp

34、onents of the “computer” are data processing and storage devices, for example read only or random access memory containing the program to be executed, clocks and interfaces(serial or parallel).</p><p>　　As a

35、 general rule ,a system based on a microcontroller therefore comprises a microchip containing the microcontroller, and a plurality of microchips containing the external data processing and storage devices which are not i

36、ntegrated into the microcontroller. A microcontroller-based system of this kind comprises, for example, one or more printed circuit boards on which the microcontroller and the other components are mounted.</p><

37、;p>　　It is the application program, I, e, the program which is executed by the microcontroller, which determines the overall operation of the microcontroller system.</p><p>　　Each application program is t

38、herefore specific to a separate application.</p><p>　　In most current application the application program is too large to be held in the microcontroller and is therefore stored in a memory external to the mi

39、crocontroller, This program memory, which has only to be read , not written, is generally a reprogrammable read only memory(REPROM).</p><p>　　After the application program has been programmed in memory and t

40、hen started in order to be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller system may not function a expected.</p><p>　　In the last unfavorable situation this is a minor dysfunction of the system and th

41、e microcontroller is still able to dialog with a test station via a serial or parallel interface, This test station is then able to determin the nature of the problem and indicates precisely the type of correction(softw

42、are and physical) to be applied to the system foe it to operate correctly.</p><p>　　Unfortunately, most dysfunctions of microcontroller-based system result in a total system lock-up, preventing any dialog wi

43、th a test station. It is then impossible to determine the type of fault,i,e.whether it is a physical fault(in the microcontroller itself,in an external read only memory, in a peripheral device,on a bus,etc ) or a softwar

44、e fault( I,e. an error in the application program). The troubleshooting technique usually employed in these cases of total lock-up is based on the use of sop</p><p>　　There are various problem associated wit

45、h the use of such test devices for troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system. The probes used in these test devices are very fragile, difficult to apply because of the small size of the circuit and their close packi

46、ng,and may not make good contact with the circuit.</p><p>　　Also, because of their high cost, these test devices are not mass produced. Consequently, faulty microcontroller-based systems can not be repaired

47、immediately, wherever they happen to be located at the time, but must first be returned to a place where a test device is available. Troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system in this way is time-consuming, irksome a

48、nd costly.</p><p>　　To avoid the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system each time the application program executed by the microcontroller of the system is changed, it is standard practice

49、 to use a downloadable read only memory to store the application program, a loading program being written into a mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller, The mask-programmed read only memory of the microc

50、ontroller is integrated into the microcontroller and programmed once and for all during manuf</p><p>　　To change the application program the microcontroller is reset by running the downloading program. This

51、downloading program can then communicate with a workstation connected to the microcontroller by an appropriate transmission line, this workstation the new application program to be written into the microcontroller, The d

52、ownloading program receives the new application program and loads it into a read only memory external to the microcontroller.</p><p>　　Although this solution avoids the need for direct action on the microcon

53、troller=based system (which would entail removing from the system the reprogrammable read only memories containing the application program, writing into these memories the new application program using an appropriate pro

54、gramming device and then replacing them in the system), it nevertheless has a major drawback, namely specialization of the microcontroller during manufacture.</p><p>　　Each type of reprogrammable memory is a

55、ssociated with a different downloading program because the programming parameters (voltage to be applied, duration for which the voltage is to be applied) vary with the technology employed, The downloading program is wri

56、tten once and for all into the mask-programmed internal memory of the microcontroller and the latter is therefore restricted to using memory components of the type for which this downloading program was written. In other

57、 words,the microcontr</p><p>　　One object of the invention is to overcome these various drawbacks of the prior art, To be more precise, an object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller circuit whic

58、h can verify quickly, simply, reliably and at low cost the operation of a system based on the microcontroller.</p><p>　　Another object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit whic

59、h can accurately locate the defective component or components of a system using the microcontroller in the event of dysfunction of the system.</p><p>　　A further object of the invention is to provide a micro

60、controller integrated circuit which avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system to change the application program, whilst remaining standard as regards the type of memory component with which it